Meaning of management:
Management is the art of getting
things done by a group of people with the effective utilisation of available
resources. An individual cannot be treated as a managing body running any
organisation . A minimum two persons are essential to form a management. These persons perform the
functions in order to achieve the objective of an organization.
Definition:-
Hennery Fayol , ”To manage is to forecast and plan , to organize , to compound, to
coordinate and to control.”
Harold Koontz, ”management is the art of getting things done
through and with an informally organized group.”
John Mee F,(1963) “management may be defined as the art of
securing maximum results with a minimum of effort so as to secure maximum
prosperity and happiness for both employer and employee and give the public the
best possible service”
Levels of Management:-
·
Top Management level- More intellectual skills are required eg. Principal of college,Nursing
superintendent
·
Middle Management level-More human skills are required eg. Tutors
·
First Management or operating Management level/-More technical skills are required eg.
ward sisters .managers & administrators belongs to these three category
requires three skills ; Intellectual
skill, human skill , Technical Skill.
Intellectual skill:-
- The Thinking skill-both critical and analytical.
- Conceptual skill-ability to formulate concepts.
- Decision Making skills.
Human skill
Human skills
are the skills concerned with effective communication, empathy, understanding ,
building a harmonious interpersonal relationship, developing the potentials of
each member of the organization according to individual capabilities, and
moving with objectives.
Technical Skills
Technical
skills are concerned with dexterity,
Professional skills and expertise.
clinical examination of patents, Bio-chemical examinations, administration of
injection etc. are the examples of technical skills.
Nature of management
Nature of
management as a science , an art and as a profession.
Management
as a science-development
of management as a science is of recent origin, ever though its practice is
ages old. Fredric w. Taylor was the first manager-theorist who made significant
contributions to the development of management as a science. He used the scientific
method of analysis, observation, as he was, he distilled certain fundamental
principles and profound the theory and principles of scientific management .His
work was followed by many others including Gant, Emerson, Fayol, Barnard etc.
Management
as an art-Just as an
engineer uses the science of engineering while building a bridge, a manager
uses the knowledge of management theory while performing his managerial
functions. Engineering is a science; its application to the solution of
practical problems is an art. Similarly, management as a body of knowledge
& a discipline is a science; its application to the solution of
organizational problems is an art. The practice of management ,like the
practice of medicine, is firmly grounded in an identifiable body of concepts,
theories and practice eg. A medical
practitioner does not base his diagnosis and prescription on the science of
medicine, endangers the life of his patients.
Management
as profession-we often
hear professionalism of management in our country. By a professional manager, We
generally mean a manager who undertakes management as a carrier and is not
interested in acquiring ownership the question is management a profession in the true sense of word? or is
management a profession like medicine ,Nursing, law. According to McFarland a
profession possesses the following characteristics-a body of principles,
techniques, skills, & specialized knowledge, Formalised method of
acquiring and experience , the establishment
of a representative organization with
professional as its goal, the formulation of ethical codes for the guidance of
conduct, the charging of fees based on the nature of services. Management is a
profession to the extent it fulfills the above criteria .it is a profession in
the sense that there is a systematized body of management &it is a distinct
, identifiable discipline.
Characteristics or features of
management:-
- Art as well as science
- Management is an activity
- Management is an continuous process
- Management achieving pre-determined objectives
- Organized activities
- Management is a factor of production
- Management as a system of activity
- Management is a discipline
- Management is a purposeful activity.
- Management is a distinct entity.
- Management aims at maximizing profit
- Decision making
- Management is a profession
- Universal application
- Management is a getting things done.
- Management as a class or a team.
- Management as a career.
- Direction and control.
- Dynamic.
- Management is needed at all levels.
- Leadership quality .
Functions of Management:- ‘PO-DCO—‘
Usually the actions of manager Planning, organizing , directing, co-ordinating, and controlling
are referred to in the management literature as the functions of the management
process.
Scolars in the field of management
have their own functions of management .Some scolars add few functions and some
delete some other functions .The important functions of Management.
Professor Luther Gullick (1937)- summed up certain principles
or elements OR functions in the word “POSDCORB”.
- “P” stands for planning that is working out a broad out line.
- “O” stands for organizing. This is the establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work of subdivisions are arranged, defined & co-ordinated for the defined objectives.
- “S” stands for staffing. That is the whole personnel function of bringing in & training the staff & maintaining favorable conditions of work.
- “D” stands for directing, that is the continuous task of making decision & embodying them, in specific & general orders & instructions & serving as leader of the enterprise.
- “CO” stands for co-ordinating. That is all important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work & eliminating of overlapping & conflict.
- “R” stands for reporting. That is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself & his subordinates informed through records, research & inspection.
- “B” stands for budgeting. With all that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting & control
Other functions :-
Motivating
or actuating:-
Controlling:-
Innovation
Representation:-
Decision making:-
Communication:-
IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT-
- Management meets the challenge of change
- Accomplishment of group goals
- Effective utilization of business
- Effective functioning of business
- Resource development
- Sound organization structure.
- Management directs the organization.
- Integrates various interests
- Stability
- Innovation
- Co-ordination and team spirit
- Tackling problems
- A tool for personality development
Principles of management:-
- Division of work-It applies to all kind of work, managerial as well as technical .tis is the principle of specialisation.
- Authority, responsibility & accountability-Fayol held that authority flows from responsibility.
- Discipline-memebers of the organization are required to perform their function and conduct themselves inrelation to others according to rules, norms, and customs.
- Unity of command-This principle holds that one employee should have only one boss 7 receive instructions from same only.
- Unity of direction- This mean that all managerial & operational activities which relate a distinct group with the same objective should be directed by” one group & one plan”
- Subordination of individual interest to organizational interest-The interest of the organization is above the interests of the individual & the group. eg.It can be achieved only when managers in high position in the organization set an example of honesty, integrity, fairness and justice.
- Remuneration of personnel-Employees should paid fairly and equitably. and according to job differentiation.
- Centralization-
- Scalar chain of command-Fayol explains as superiors & subordinates running throughout the organization from top to bottom.
- Order-Means right person on the right job and everything in its proper place.
- Equity-It means that subordinates should be treated with justice and kindliness.
- Stability of tenure of personnel-The managerial policies should provide a sense of reasonable job security.
- Initiative-It focuses on the ability , attitude and resourcefulness to act without prompting from others. Managers should create an environment which encourages their subordinates to take initiative and responsibility.
- Esprit de corps-cohesiveness and team spirit should be encouraged among employees.
some other principles:-
- The coordinative principle
- The scalar principle
- The functional principle
- The staff phase of the functional principle
HOW MANAGEMENT IS DIFFERENT FROM
ADMINISTRATION:
- Management implements the policy and achieve the objectives.
- Directly involves in the execution of plan and achieving objectives.
- Main functions-Direction, motivation, and control
- Levels of executives i.e manager, Supervisor, workers
- Acts as a agency
- Requires technical ability more than administration ability.
The MANAGER-
Management
is a creative process which integrate and uses various available resources
effectively to accomplish certain goals.For which ,an individual is responsible
to develop ideas and get things done through others .
Manager is
not actually do the work but guide others to do things correctly.
eg;-manager
has not built factory uses or install machines & operate them or sell goods
in the market. Primary job of a manager the management of people.
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