Management is as old as human kind and existed
since man has been organized in to communities. Managers influence all phases of our modern organizations. Our
society simply could not exist as we know it today or improve its present
status without a steady stream of managers to guide its organizations. Peter
Drucker makes this same point in stating that effective management is quickly
becoming the main resource of developed countries and the most needed resource
of developing ones (1).
Essentially, the role of managers is to guide
organizations toward goal accomplishment. All organizations exist for some
purpose or objective, and mangers have the responsibility for combining and
using organizational resources to ensure that the organizations achieve their
purposes. Management moves organizations toward these purposes or goals by
assigning activities that organization member perform. If these activities are
designed effectively, the production of each individual worker represents a
contribution to the attainment of organizational goals. Managers strive to
encourage individual activity that will lead to reaching organizational goals
and to discourage individual activity that hinders organizational goal
accomplishment. Management has no meaning apart from its goals (2). Management
must keep organizational goals clearly in mind at all times
Definition
of management and nursing service administration
Definition of management
Different authorities define management
differently but have strong unifying similarities in all the definitions. The
term management can be used in several ways. For instance, it can simply refer
to the process that managers follow to accomplish organizational goals. The
term can be used, however, to refer to a body of knowledge. In this context,
management is a cumulative body of information that furnishes insight on how to
manage.
Management is the art of getting things done
through people. It is the process of reaching organizational goals by working
with and through people and other organizational resources. It is the process
of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the work of organization
members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated
organizational goals. It is the process of directing, coordinating and
influencing the operation of an organization to obtain desired result and
enhance total performance.
Nursing service administration
Nursing service administration is a coordinated
activity, which provides all of the facilities necessary for the rendering of
nursing service to clients.
Nursing service administration is the system of
activities directed toward the nursing care of clients, and includes the
establishment of over-all goals and policies within the aims of the health
agency and provision of organization, personnel, and facilities to accomplish
this goals in the most effective and economical manner through cooperative
efforts of all members of the staff, coordinating the service with other
departments of the institution
Nursing service administration is the marshaling
of resources to accomplish a purpose.
It is both an art and a science. It is a science
in the sense that one may systematically study and analyze the behavior of
people as a collective endeavor and, even their individual behavior in
relationship to their individual purposes and to draw generalizations from them
that are valid guides to foresight and action. It is an art because it requires
qualities of dynamic character to make them effective in application.
Nursing service administration is the process of
planning, organizing, leading and controlling that encompasses human, material,
financial and informational resources in an organizational environment to
achieve the predetermined objectives.
Nursing service is the process composed of the
set of interrelated social and technical functional activities occurring within
a formal organizational setting to accomplish predetermined objectives through
utilization of human and other resources.
The primary objective of the role of nursing
service administration is the provision for continuous individual, group and
community service, including whatever is necessary. In addressing the factors,
which determine health, and to bring them back to self-directive activity
towards their own health. The subsidiary objectives of this role are the
professional activities of administration, including human relations,
communications, teaching, research, and personal development, designed to
further the primary objective-the optimum nursing care of patients. In this
lecture note management and administration are used interchangeably.
Types of managers, managerial skill and roles
Nursing service managers are people who
appointed to positions of authority, which enable others to perform their work
effectively, who have responsibility for resource utilization and who are
accountable for work results and can be proud of their organizations and what
they do.
Types of managers
Traditionally classifications of managers are by
level in the organizational hierarchy; common nomenclature is:
·
Top level–such
as board of directors, Presidents and vice presidents
·
Middle
level–such as directors of nursing, supervisory staffs and department heads
·
First
line/front line/ or supervisory management– such as head nurses and staffs.
Regardless of level, managers have several common attributes; they are:
·
Formally appointed to positions of authority
·
Charged
with directing and enabling others to do their work effectively
·
Responsible for utilizing resources
·
Accountable to superiors for results
The primary differences between levels of
managers are the degree of authority and the scope of responsibility and
organizational activity at each level. For example, top-level managers such as
nursing administrators have authority over and responsibility for the entire organization.
Middle level managers such as department heads and heads of services have
authority over and responsibility for a specific segment, in contrast to the
organization as a whole and act as a liaison between top-level managers and
first level managers. First line managers, who generally report to middle level
managers have authority over and are responsible for overseeing specific work
for a particular group of works.
Managerial Skills
Managers can also be differentiated by the
extent to which they use certain skills: conceptual, human relations and
technical skills. All managers use human relation skills because they
accomplish work through people. Human relations skills include motivation,
leadership and communication skills. The degree to which each is used varies
with the nature of the position, scope of responsibility, work activity, and
number, types and skills of subordinates. Senior managers use
disproportionately more conceptual skills in their jobs than do middle level or
first line managers. These include recognizing and evaluating multiple complex
issues and understanding their relationships, engaging in planning and problem
solving that profoundly affect the health service organization, and thinking
globally about the organization and its environment. In contrast first line
managers tend to use job related technical skills, or skills that involve specialized
knowledge.
Managerial roles
All health service managers engage in planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, and decision making to some
degree. In addition, they perform other activities related to accomplishing
work and organizational objectives that do not readily fall within the
functional classification. These roles are defined as the behavior or
activities associated with a management position because of its authority and
status. Mintzberg's classification identifies:
1.
Interpersonal
2.
Informational and
3.
Decisional roles
Interpersonal role
The three
interpersonal roles are
ü Figurehead: all managers, but especially senior
managers, are figureheads because they engage in ceremonial and
symbolic activities such as greeting visitors and making speeches at
organizational events.
ü Liaison: involves formal and informal internal
and external contacts.
ü Influencer: includes activities inherent in the
directing function, the purpose of which is to motivate and lead.
Informational role
The three
informational roles of a manager are
- Monitor
- Disseminator and
- Spokesperson
Decisional Roles
The four
decisional roles of a manager are
ü Entrepreneur
ü Disturbance handler
ü Resource allocator and
ü Negotiator
Health
care, health services and health service organizational models
Health
care: is the total societal
effort, organized or not, whether
private or public, that attempts to guarantee, provide, and finance the
promotion of health, prevention of diseases, and restoration of health and
rehabilitation.
Health
service: is the delivery of
health care
Health
service organizations:
Deliveries of health services to
clients occur in a variety of organizational settings. Health service
organizations can be classified by ownership, profit motive, whether the client
is admitted. Historically, hospitals and nursing facilities have been the most
common and dominant health service organizations engaged in delivery of health
services.
Health Service Organizational Model
Model
Organizations are open systems
Composed of inputs, throughput and output
The Benefit of good
Management in Health Service organizations
- High lights priority areas
- Adopts the service to the needs of a changing situation
- Makes use of the most limited resources
- Improves the standard and quality of services
- Maintain high staff morale
Learning activities
- Briefly discuss management and nursing service administration
- List the three levels of management
- Discus the four common attributes of managers regardless of their level
- Describe the three management skills
- Explain the role of managers in an organization
- What is health care, health service and health service organization?
- Discuss the components of the health service model
- What is the benefit of good management for an organization?
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