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The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories of health behavior.
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It was developed in the 1950s by a group of U.S.
Public Health Service social psychologists who wanted to explain why so
few people were participating in programs to prevent and detect disease.
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HBM is a good model for addressing problem behaviors
that evoke health concerns (e.g., high-risk sexual behavior and the
possibility of contracting HIV) (Croyle RT, 2005)
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The health belief model proposes that a person's
health-related behavior depends on the person's perception of four
critical areas:
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the severity of a potential illness,
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the person's susceptibility to that illness,
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the benefits of taking a preventive action, and
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the barriers to taking that action.
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the severity of a potential illness,
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HBM is a popular model applied in nursing, especially in issues focusing on
patient compliance and preventive health care
practices.
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The model postulates that
health-seeking behaviour is influenced by a
person’s perception of a threat posed by a
health problem and the value associated with
actions aimed at reducing the threat.
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HBM
addresses the relationship between a person’s
beliefs and behaviors. It provides a way to
understanding and predicting how clients will
behave in relation to their health and how they
will comply with health care therapies.
THE MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF THE HEALTH
PROMOTION MODEL
There are six major concepts in HBM:
1. Perceived Susceptibility2. Perceived severity3. Perceived benefits4. Perceived costs5. Motivation6. Enabling or modifying factors
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Perceived Susceptibility: refers to a
person’s perception that a health problem is
personally relevant or that a diagnosis of
illness is accurate.
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Perceived severity: even when one
recognizes personal susceptibility, action will
not occur unless the individual perceives the
severity to be high enough to have serious
organic or social complications.
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Perceived benefits: refers to the
patient’s belief that a given treatment will
cure the illness or help to prevent it.
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Perceived Costs: refers to the
complexity, duration, and accessibility and
accessibility of the treatment.
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Motivation: includes the desire to comply
with a treatment and the belief that people
should do what.
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Modifying factors: include
personality variables, patient satisfaction, and
socio-demographic factors.
Criticisms of HBM
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Is health behaviour that rational?
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Its emphasis on the individual (HBM ignores social and economic factors)
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·The absence of a role for emotional factors such as fear and denial.
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Alternative factors may predict health behaviour, such as
outcome expectancy (whether the person feels they will be healthier as a
result of their behaviour) and self-efficacy (the person’s belief in
their ability to carry out preventative behaviour) (Seydel et al.
1990; Schwarzer 1992.
REFERENCES
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Marriner TA, Raile AM. Nursing theorists and their work. 5th ed. Sakraida T.Nola J. Pender. The Health Promotion Model. St Louis: Mosby; 2005
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Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing research:Principles and methods. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007
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Black JM, Hawks JH, Keene AM. Medical surgical nursing. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2006.
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Potter PA, Perry AG. Fundamentals of nursing. 6th ed. St.Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2006.
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Rosenstoch I. Historical origin of Health Belief model. Health Educ Monogr 2:334, 1974.
- Croyle RT. Theory at a Glance: Application to Health Promotion and Health Behavior (Second Edition). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
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