AKA Erik Homburger Erikson
Born: June 15, 1902
Birthplace: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Died: May 12, 1994
Location of death: Harwich, MA
Cause of death: unspecified
Religion: Jewish
Race or Ethnicity: White
Occupation: Psychologist
Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Eight Stages of Childhood
Psychosocial development as articulated by Erik Erikson describes eight developmental stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future.
Psychosocial Development Stages Summary
Psychosocial Development Stages
Infancy (Birth -18 months)
Younger Years (1 1/2 - 3 Years)
Early Childhood (3-6 Years)
Middle Childhood (7-12 Years)
Adolescence (12-18 Years)
Early Adulthood (19-34 years)
Middle Adulthood (35-60 Years)
Later Adulthood (60 years - Death)
Born: June 15, 1902
Birthplace: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Died: May 12, 1994
Location of death: Harwich, MA
Cause of death: unspecified
Religion: Jewish
Race or Ethnicity: White
Occupation: Psychologist
Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Eight Stages of Childhood
Psychosocial development as articulated by Erik Erikson describes eight developmental stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future.
Psychosocial Development Stages Summary
Stage | Basic Conflict | Important Events | Outcome |
Infancy (birth to 18 months) | Trust vs. Mistrust | Feeding | Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliabilty, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. |
Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) | Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt | Toilet Training | Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. |
Preschool (3 to 5 years) | Initiative vs. Guilt | Exploration |
Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. |
School Age (6 to 11 years) | Industry vs. Inferiority | School |
Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. |
Adolescence (12 to 18 years) | Identity vs. Role Confusion | Social Relationships | Teens needs to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. |
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) | Intimacy vs. Isolation | Relationships | Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. |
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) | Generativity vs. Stagnation | Work and Parenthood | Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. |
Maturity(65 to death) | Ego Integrity vs. Despair | Reflection on Life | Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. |
Psychosocial Development Stages
Infancy (Birth -18 months)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Main question asked: Is my environment trustworthy or not?
- Central Task: Receiving care
- Positive Outcome: Trust in people and the environment
- Ego Quality: Hope
- Definition: Enduring belief that one can attain one’s deep and essential wishes
- Developmental Task: Social attachment; Maturation of sensory, perceptual, and motor functions; Primitive causality.
- Significant Relations: Maternal parent
Younger Years (1 1/2 - 3 Years)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
- Main question asked: Do I need help from others or not?
Early Childhood (3-6 Years)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
- Main question asked: How moral am I?
Middle Childhood (7-12 Years)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
- Main question asked: Am I good at what I do?
Adolescence (12-18 Years)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Main question asked: "Who am I, and what is my goal in life?"
Early Adulthood (19-34 years)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle Adulthood (35-60 Years)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Main question asked: Will I ever accomplish anything useful?...
Later Adulthood (60 years - Death)
- Psychosocial Crisis: Ego integrity vs. despair
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